Comentário sobre Avodá Zará 2:7
אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה. חָלָב שֶׁחֲלָבוֹ גוֹי וְיִשְׂרָאֵל רוֹאֵהוּ. וְהַדְּבַשׁ. וְהַדַּבְדָּנִיּוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּנַטְּפִין, אֵין בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם הֶכְשֵׁר מַשְׁקֶה. וּכְבָשִׁין שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּן לָתֵת לְתוֹכָן יַיִן וָחֹמֶץ. וְטָרִית שֶׁאֵינָהּ טְרוּפָה. וְצִיר שֶׁיֶּשׁ בָּהּ דָּגָה. וְעָלֶה שֶׁל חִלְתִּית. וְזֵיתִים גְּלֻסְקָאוֹת הַמְגֻלְגָּלִין. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, הַשְּׁלוּחִין, אֲסוּרִין. הַחֲגָבִים הַבָּאִים מִן הַסְּלוּלָה, אֲסוּרִין. מִן הַהַפְתֵּק, מֻתָּרִין. וְכֵן לִתְרוּמָה:
Eles podem ser consumidos: leite (de um animal) ordenhado por um gentio à vista de um judeu, [não necessariamente sendo visto pelo judeu, mas sendo visível ao judeu se ele (o judeu) se levantar. O gentio teria medo (de ordenhar um animal imundo na presença do judeu), pensando: Se ele se levantar, ele me verá (e não comprará de mim)], o mel deles e o davdevaniyoth [(pães de mel tiradas da colméia.) Mesmo que pingem, não tememos que ele possa ter colocado vinho de libação nelas. Outra interpretação: Cachos de uvas. Mesmo que o vinho goteje deles, eles não são proibidos por causa do vinho de libação.] E eles [os pingos] não são hechsher mashkeh (um agente da impureza) [isto é, eles não criam suscetibilidade (das uvas) à impureza , pois elas (as uvas) são destinadas a comer e ele não deseja o líquido que escorre delas.] e conserva as quais não estamos acostumados a colocar videira e vinagre, e um tarith que não é misturado. [Mesmo sendo cortada em pedaços, a cabeça e a coluna estão intactas e são discerníveis como um peixe limpo.], E uma salmoura na qual há dagah e uma folha de chiltith, [com a qual não é costume cortar com uma faca] e azeitonas prensas exóticas, [azeitonas colocadas em um recipiente redondo e aquecidas e pressionadas por si mesmas até que se tornem ovos arredondados. (Estes podem ser comidos)] R. Yossi diz que os "vazamentos" são proibidos. [Se as azeitonas ficaram tão macias que, quando ele pega uma azeitona na mão, a cova é expulsa e cai por si mesma, elas são proibidas porque (suspeitamos que) elas foram amaciadas pelo vinho. A halachá não está de acordo com R. Yossi.] Os gafanhotos que saem da cesta [antes do lojista] são proibidos, [pois tememos que ele tenha borrifado vinho sobre eles para amolecê-los]. (Os que vêm) do armazém são permitidos, [porque ele não aspira vinho antes de oferecê-los à venda.] E o mesmo se aplica a terumah. [Se um Cohein é suspeito de vender terumah como chullin, tudo o que é encontrado à sua frente é proibido (para que não seja terumah). Mas se ele o tira do armazém, é permitido, pois teme que os rabinos possam ouvi-lo e governar todo o seu suprimento hefker (sem dono)].
Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah
English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah
milk which a non-Jew milked with a Jew watching him;
honey,
grape-clusters even though these secrete moisture the law which renders food susceptible to defilement by a liquid does not apply to them
preserves into which they are not accustomed to put wine or vinegar,
pickled herring which has not been minced,
brine containing fish,
a leaf of asafoetida,
and rolled olive-cakes. Rabbi Yose says: those olives having pits ready to drop out are prohibited.
Locusts which come out of [a shopkeeper’s] basket are prohibited, but if from storage they are permitted. The same rule applies to terumah.
This mishnah lists food produced by non-Jews which a Jew is allowed to eat.
1) As we explained in the previous mishnah, the concern with milk is that the non-Jew might mix milk which comes from a kosher animal with milk that comes from a non-kosher animal (such as a camel). If the Jew is watching over the non-Jew we have no such concern and the milk is therefore permitted.
2) Mixing foreign substances with honey would spoil the honey. Therefore we can assume that the non-Jew did not put anything into the honey and it is permitted.
3) Even though some grape juice may be dripping from the cluster of grapes, we are not concerned that the non-Jew used this juice in idol worship and it would be forbidden. The mishnah also notes that the liquid that comes out of grapes is not the type of liquid which makes a food susceptible to impurities. As we have learned before (Eduyoth 4:6) food cannot become impure until it is made wet by seven types of liquids. Grape juice is not one of them.
4) Preserved foods into which it is not customary to put wine or vinegar are permitted.
5) If one can see that the fish in the brine is actually herring, it is permitted, unlike the minced fish which was discussed above.
6) In the previous mishnah we learned that it was forbidden to eat pieces of the asa foetida, since the same knife used to cut this plant might have been used to cut non-kosher food. In this mishnah we learn that since they don’t cut the leaves of the as foetida with this type of knife, it is permitted.
7) Olives that have been rolled out into cakes are permitted, since no wine is used in them. According to Rabbi Yose, if the olives have become so soft that the pits fall out, wine might have been put on them to soften them. Therefore, they are forbidden.
8) Some types of locusts are kosher. When a seller sells them, he brings them from his storehouse and puts them in a small basket, onto which he mixes a little wine. Due to the addition of this wine, locusts that come from this basket are forbidden. The locusts that come from the storehouse are permitted since the wine has not yet been put upon them.
The mishnah points out that the same is true with regards to terumah. If a kohen sells locusts from the little basket, we must suspect that he has dripped wine on them, and that the wine might be terumah, which is strictly forbidden to non-priests. If, however, the locusts come from storage, we can be sure that there is no terumah-wine mixed in with them.